Diseño químico en la síntesis directa de SrTiO₃ como material funcional para aplicaciones de generación de energía del sol-gel a la perovskita
del sol-gel a la perovskita
Palabras clave:
SrTiO₃, TiO2, Sol-gel hidrotermal, Perovskita, Materiales funcionales.
Resumen
El titanato de estroncio (SrTiO₃) es un material de gran interés en el campo de la generación y conversión de energía, debido a sus propiedades estructurales y electrónicas, que lo hacen relevante para aplicaciones como fotocatálisis, dispositivos optoelectrónicos, materiales funcionales y dispositivos fotovoltaicos. La posibilidad de controlar su estructura cristalina, pureza y morfología resulta clave para optimizar su desempeño en este tipo de aplicaciones. En este trabajo se presenta un novedoso enfoque para la transformación directa de SrTiO3 a partir de dióxido de titanio (TiO2) en estado amorfo e hidratado, basado en una estrategia de síntesis que combina el método sol-gel con un tratamiento hidrotermal. Este enfoque representa una ventaja significativa desde el punto de vista energético, al reducir tratamientos térmicos adicionales, y desde el punto de vista práctico, simplifica el proceso al evitar la necesidad de etapas previas de síntesis de TiO2 en fase cristalina de anatasa. El material obtenido fue caracterizado por difracción de rayos X para corroborar la fase cristalina de perovskita, con el cual se calculó un tamaño promedio de cristalito de 31.2 nm. También, se realizó la caracterización por microscopía electrónica de barrido con lo cual se confirmó una morfología cúbica con un tamaño de partícula promedio de 80 nm. Este trabajo muestra que el SrTiO₃ obtenido tiene un gran potencial para aplicaciones de generación de energía.
Citas
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He, P., Cheng, H. R., Le, Y., & Chen, J. F. (2008). Preparation and characterization of nano-sized Sr₀.₇Ca₀.₃TiO₃ crystallines by low temperature aqueous synthesis method. Materials Letters, 62, 2157–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.040
Huamán, J. L. C., Sczancoski, J. C., Marega, E., Jr., & Pinto, A. H. (2023). Methods for the synthesis of ceramic materials with perovskite structure, Chapter 2. En “Perovskite Ceramics: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications”, Huamán J. L. C., Garcia Rivera V. A. (eds.), 31-75. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holanda.
Jiang, J., Kato, K., Fujimori, H., Yamakata, A., & Sakata, Y. (2020). Investigation on the highly active SrTiO₃ photocatalyst toward overall H₂O splitting by doping Na ion. Journal of Catalysis, 390, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.07.025
Kuspanov, Z., Umirzakov, A., Serik, A., Baimenov, A., Yeleuov, M., & Daulbayev, C. (2023). Multifunctional strontium titanate perovskite-based composite photocatalysts for energy conversion and other applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48, 38634–38654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.168
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Mahmood, M., Islam, M. T., Sadek, M. S., Noor, K., Baharuddin, M. H. B., Ibrahim, M., Sheikh, G. U. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Soliman, M. S., & Sobayel, K. (2024). Advancing perovskite solar cells: Unveiling the superior efficiency of copper-doped strontium titanate as a novel ETL. Solar Energy, 279, 112806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112806
Mojed, S. A., Ashiri, R., & Shafyei, A. (2023). A mechanistic study on efficient room temperature sonocolloidal obtainment of SrTiO₃ nanocrystals. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 99, 106568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106568
Moreira, M. L., Longo, V. M., Avansi, W., Jr., Ferrer, M. M., Andrés, J., Mastelaro, V. R., Varela, J. A., & Longo, É. (2012). Quantum mechanics insight into the microwave nucleation of SrTiO₃ nanospheres. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 24792–24808. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp306638r
Naeem, U., Li, H., Alshoaibi, A., Wang, D., Theerthagiri, J., Choi, M. Y., Kheawhom, S., & Mohamad, A. A. (2025). Synthesis of SrTiO₃ perovskite structure for batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells applications: A review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 182, 115293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.115293
Peczak, S. I. L., Kennedy, R. M., Simpson, A. M., Delferro, M., & Poeppelmeier, K. R. (2023). Microwave-assisted synthesis of SrTiO₃ nanocuboids without TiCl₄. Small Science, 3, 202200107. https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202200107
Peng, K., Yu, S., Luo, Y., Zhang, A., Xie, Y., Luo, Y., Ling, Y., & Zhao, J. (2024). Enhancement of TiO₂ photocatalytic hydrogen production via using ABO₃ to construct heterojunctions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 682, 132822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132822
Phoon, B. L., Lai, C. W., Juan, J. C., Show, P. L., & Chen, W. H. (2019). A review of synthesis and morphology of SrTiO₃ for energy and other applications. International Journal of Energy Research, 43, 5151–5174. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4505
Putri, Y. E., Wendari, T. P., Rahmah, A. A., Refinel, Said, S. M., Sofyan, N., & Wellia, D. V. (2022). Tuning the morphology of SrTiO₃ nanocubes and their enhanced electrical conductivity. Ceramics International, 48, 5321–5326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.075
Rafatmah, E., & Hemmateenejad, B. (2023). Metal nanoparticles for sensing applications. En A. Barhoum & Z. Altintas (Eds.), Fundamentals of Sensor Technology: Principles and Novel Designs (pp. 311–366). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-03445-6
Rahman, M. Y. A., Samsuri, S. A. M., & Umar, A. A. (2019). TiO₂–SrTiO₃ composite photoanode: Effect of strontium precursor concentration on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Applied Physics A, 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2344-4
Siebenhofer, M., Viernstein, A., Morgenbesser, M., Fleig, J., & Kubicek, M. (2021). Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate. Materials Advances, 2, 7583–7619. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00906k
Singh, R., & Dutta, S. (2018). A review on H₂ production through photocatalytic reactions using TiO₂/TiO₂-assisted catalysts. Fuel, 220, 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.068
Teixeira da Fonseca, S. B., D’Elia, E., Siqueira Júnior, J. M., Massafra de Oliveira, S., Leite dos Santos Castro, K., & Schwingel Ribeiro, E. (2021). Study of the characteristics and properties of the SiO₂/TiO₂/Nb₂O₅ material obtained by the sol–gel process. Scientific Reports, 11, 1106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80310-4
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Youssef, A. M., Farag, H. K., El-Kheshen, A., & Hammad, F. F. (2018). Synthesis of nano-structured strontium titanate by sol–gel and solid state routes. Silicon, 10, 1225–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-017-9596-z
Zarkov, A. (2024). Sol–gel technology applied to materials science: Synthesis, characterization and applications. Materials, 17, 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020462
Zhang, Y., Zhong, L., & Duan, D. (2015). Single-step hydrothermal synthesis of strontium titanate nanoparticles from crystalline anatase titanium dioxide. Ceramics International, 41, 13516–13524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.145
Zheng, H., Liu, X., Meng, G., & Toft Sørensen, O. (2001). Fine SrTiO₃ and Sr(Mg₀.₄Ti₀.₆)O₃–δ perovskite ceramic powders prepared by a sol–precipitation process. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 12, 629–635. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1012841816099.
Živojinović, J., Pavlović, V. P., Kosanović, D., Marković, S., Krstić, J., Blagojević, V. A., & Pavlović, V. B. (2017). The influence of mechanical activation on structural evolution of nanocrystalline SrTiO₃ powders. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 695, 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.159
Zlobin, V., Nevedomskiy, V., Tomkovich, M., Ugolkov, V., & Almjasheva, O. (2024). Influence of heterogeneous inclusions on the process of formation, structural transformations, and growth of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 37, 101076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.101076
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Atkinson, I., Parvulescu, V., Cusu, J. P., Anghel, E. M., Voicescu, M., Culita, D., Somacescu, S., Munteanu, C., Šćepanović, M., Popovic, Z. V., & Fruth, V. (2019). Influence of preparation method and nitrogen (N) doping on properties and photo-catalytic activity of mesoporous SrTiO₃. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 368, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.019
Canu, G., & Buscaglia, V. (2017). Hydrothermal synthesis of strontium titanate: Thermodynamic considerations, morphology control and crystallisation mechanisms. CrystEngComm, 19, 3867–3891. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ce00834a
Chen, K. (2024). Research progress on synthesis of nano strontium titanate for photocatalytic applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Nano Sciences, Chemical and Biological Materials (NSCBM 2024) (Vol. 4, pp. 144–150). https://doi.org/10.62051/nrb7zq72
Dar, M. A., Majid, S. R., Satgunam, M., Siva, C., Ansari, S., Arusalan, P., & Rafi Ahamed, S. (2024). Advancements in supercapacitor electrodes and perspectives for future energy storage technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 70, 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.191
De Oliveira, A. L. M., Silva, M. R. S., Sales, H., Longo, E., Maia, A. S., Souza, A. G., & Santos, I. M. G. (2013). Effect of the composition on the thermal behaviour of the SrSn₁–xTiₓO₃ precursor prepared by the polymeric precursor method. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 114, 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3051-1
Devi, N. Y., Rajasekaran, P., Vijayakumar, K., Alagar Nedunchezhian, A. S., Sidharth, D., Anbalagan, G., Arivanandhan, M., & Jayavel, R. (2020). Enhancement of thermoelectric power factor of hydrothermally synthesised SrTiO₃ nanostructures. Materials Research Express, 7, 015094. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6c96
Din, U. K. N., Aziz, T. H. T., Salleh, M. M., & Umar, A. A. (2016). Synthesis of crystalline perovskite-structured SrTiO₃ nanoparticles using an alkali hydrothermal process. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 23, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-016-1217-0
Voon, C. H., Foo, K. L., Lim, B. Y., Gopinath S.C.B., & Al-Douri, Y. (2020). Synthesis and preparation of metal oxide powders. En “Metal Oxide Powder Technologies: Fundamentals, Processing Methods and Applications”, Chapter 3. Al-Douri Y. (ed.), 31–65. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holanda. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02252-5
Gao, H., Yang, H., & Wang, S. (2018). Hydrothermal synthesis, growth mechanism, optical properties and photocatalytic activity of cubic SrTiO₃ particles for the degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. Optik, 175, 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.027
González, L. A., Cano-Valencia, M. J., & Vento-Lujano, E. (2024). Visible-light photocatalytic performance of SrTiO₃ nanoparticles modified with cobalt. Optical Materials, 157, 116231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116231
Grabowska, E. (2016). Selected perovskite oxides: Characterization, preparation and photocatalytic properties—A review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 186, 97–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.035
Grabowska, E., Marchelek, M., Klimczuk, T., Lisowski, W., & Zaleska-Medynska, A. (2017). TiO₂/SrTiO₃ and SrTiO₃ microspheres decorated with Rh, Ru or Pt nanoparticles: Highly UV–vis responsible photoactivity and mechanism. Journal of Catalysis, 350, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.04.005
Gupta, S., & Katiyar, R. S. (2001). Temperature-dependent structural characterization of sol–gel deposited strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) thin films using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 32, 885–891. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.752
He, P., Cheng, H. R., Le, Y., & Chen, J. F. (2008). Preparation and characterization of nano-sized Sr₀.₇Ca₀.₃TiO₃ crystallines by low temperature aqueous synthesis method. Materials Letters, 62, 2157–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.040
Huamán, J. L. C., Sczancoski, J. C., Marega, E., Jr., & Pinto, A. H. (2023). Methods for the synthesis of ceramic materials with perovskite structure, Chapter 2. En “Perovskite Ceramics: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications”, Huamán J. L. C., Garcia Rivera V. A. (eds.), 31-75. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holanda.
Jiang, J., Kato, K., Fujimori, H., Yamakata, A., & Sakata, Y. (2020). Investigation on the highly active SrTiO₃ photocatalyst toward overall H₂O splitting by doping Na ion. Journal of Catalysis, 390, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.07.025
Kuspanov, Z., Umirzakov, A., Serik, A., Baimenov, A., Yeleuov, M., & Daulbayev, C. (2023). Multifunctional strontium titanate perovskite-based composite photocatalysts for energy conversion and other applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48, 38634–38654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.168
Leite, M. M., & Vichi, F. M. (2013). Influence of synthesis route on the morphology of SrTiO₃ particles. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1552, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.967
Mahmood, M., Islam, M. T., Sadek, M. S., Noor, K., Baharuddin, M. H. B., Ibrahim, M., Sheikh, G. U. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Soliman, M. S., & Sobayel, K. (2024). Advancing perovskite solar cells: Unveiling the superior efficiency of copper-doped strontium titanate as a novel ETL. Solar Energy, 279, 112806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112806
Mojed, S. A., Ashiri, R., & Shafyei, A. (2023). A mechanistic study on efficient room temperature sonocolloidal obtainment of SrTiO₃ nanocrystals. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 99, 106568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106568
Moreira, M. L., Longo, V. M., Avansi, W., Jr., Ferrer, M. M., Andrés, J., Mastelaro, V. R., Varela, J. A., & Longo, É. (2012). Quantum mechanics insight into the microwave nucleation of SrTiO₃ nanospheres. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 24792–24808. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp306638r
Naeem, U., Li, H., Alshoaibi, A., Wang, D., Theerthagiri, J., Choi, M. Y., Kheawhom, S., & Mohamad, A. A. (2025). Synthesis of SrTiO₃ perovskite structure for batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells applications: A review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 182, 115293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.115293
Peczak, S. I. L., Kennedy, R. M., Simpson, A. M., Delferro, M., & Poeppelmeier, K. R. (2023). Microwave-assisted synthesis of SrTiO₃ nanocuboids without TiCl₄. Small Science, 3, 202200107. https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202200107
Peng, K., Yu, S., Luo, Y., Zhang, A., Xie, Y., Luo, Y., Ling, Y., & Zhao, J. (2024). Enhancement of TiO₂ photocatalytic hydrogen production via using ABO₃ to construct heterojunctions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 682, 132822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132822
Phoon, B. L., Lai, C. W., Juan, J. C., Show, P. L., & Chen, W. H. (2019). A review of synthesis and morphology of SrTiO₃ for energy and other applications. International Journal of Energy Research, 43, 5151–5174. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4505
Putri, Y. E., Wendari, T. P., Rahmah, A. A., Refinel, Said, S. M., Sofyan, N., & Wellia, D. V. (2022). Tuning the morphology of SrTiO₃ nanocubes and their enhanced electrical conductivity. Ceramics International, 48, 5321–5326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.075
Rafatmah, E., & Hemmateenejad, B. (2023). Metal nanoparticles for sensing applications. En A. Barhoum & Z. Altintas (Eds.), Fundamentals of Sensor Technology: Principles and Novel Designs (pp. 311–366). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-03445-6
Rahman, M. Y. A., Samsuri, S. A. M., & Umar, A. A. (2019). TiO₂–SrTiO₃ composite photoanode: Effect of strontium precursor concentration on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Applied Physics A, 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2344-4
Siebenhofer, M., Viernstein, A., Morgenbesser, M., Fleig, J., & Kubicek, M. (2021). Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate. Materials Advances, 2, 7583–7619. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00906k
Singh, R., & Dutta, S. (2018). A review on H₂ production through photocatalytic reactions using TiO₂/TiO₂-assisted catalysts. Fuel, 220, 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.068
Teixeira da Fonseca, S. B., D’Elia, E., Siqueira Júnior, J. M., Massafra de Oliveira, S., Leite dos Santos Castro, K., & Schwingel Ribeiro, E. (2021). Study of the characteristics and properties of the SiO₂/TiO₂/Nb₂O₅ material obtained by the sol–gel process. Scientific Reports, 11, 1106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80310-4
Valdés Hernández, J. (2023). “Catálisis fotoplasmónica para la reducción de CO₂”. Tesis de doctorado. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México.
Youssef, A. M., Farag, H. K., El-Kheshen, A., & Hammad, F. F. (2018). Synthesis of nano-structured strontium titanate by sol–gel and solid state routes. Silicon, 10, 1225–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-017-9596-z
Zarkov, A. (2024). Sol–gel technology applied to materials science: Synthesis, characterization and applications. Materials, 17, 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020462
Zhang, Y., Zhong, L., & Duan, D. (2015). Single-step hydrothermal synthesis of strontium titanate nanoparticles from crystalline anatase titanium dioxide. Ceramics International, 41, 13516–13524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.145
Zheng, H., Liu, X., Meng, G., & Toft Sørensen, O. (2001). Fine SrTiO₃ and Sr(Mg₀.₄Ti₀.₆)O₃–δ perovskite ceramic powders prepared by a sol–precipitation process. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 12, 629–635. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1012841816099.
Živojinović, J., Pavlović, V. P., Kosanović, D., Marković, S., Krstić, J., Blagojević, V. A., & Pavlović, V. B. (2017). The influence of mechanical activation on structural evolution of nanocrystalline SrTiO₃ powders. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 695, 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.159
Zlobin, V., Nevedomskiy, V., Tomkovich, M., Ugolkov, V., & Almjasheva, O. (2024). Influence of heterogeneous inclusions on the process of formation, structural transformations, and growth of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 37, 101076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.101076
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Publicado
2026-04-30
Sección
Artículos de Investigación
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